Obesity Research & Clinical Practice
Volume 6, Issue 1 , Pages e9-e20 , January 2012

Dysmetabolic signals in “metabolically healthy” obesity

  • Peter Manu

      Affiliations

    • Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, United States
    • Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, United States
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: Medical Services, Zucker Hillside Hospital, 59-75 263rd Street, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, United States. Tel.: +1 718 470 8290.
  • ,
  • Constantin Ionescu-Tirgoviste

      Affiliations

    • University of Medicine and Pharmacy “C. Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
  • ,
  • James Tsang

      Affiliations

    • Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
  • ,
  • Barbara A. Napolitano

      Affiliations

    • Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
  • ,
  • Martin L. Lesser

      Affiliations

    • Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
  • ,
  • Christoph U. Correll

      Affiliations

    • Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, United States
    • Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, United States
    • Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States

Received 6 March 2011 ,Revised 6 April 2011 ,Accepted 11 April 2011.

References 

  1. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004. JAMA. 2006;295:1549–1555
  2. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005;112:2735–2752
  3. St-Pierre AC, Cantin B, Mauriege P, Bergeron J, Dagenais GR, Despres JP, et al. Insulin resistance syndrome, body mass index and the risk of ischemic heart disease. CMAJ. 2005;172:1301–1305
  4. Meigs JB, Rutter MK, Sullivan LM, Fox CS, D’Agostino RB, Wilson PWF. Impact of insulin resistance on risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in people with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1219–1225
  5. Bonora E, Kiechl S, Willeit J, Oberhollenzer F, Egger G, Miegs JB, et al. Insulin resistance as estimated by homeostasis model assessment predicts incident symptomatic cardiovascular disease in Caucasian subjects from the general population. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:318–324
  6. Howard BV, Ruotolo O, Robbins DC. Obesity and dyslipidemia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2003;32:855–867
  7. Chan DC, Barrett HP, Watts GF. Dyslipidemia in visceral obesity: mechanisms, implications and therapy. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2004;4:227–246
  8. Sims EA. Are there persons who are obese, but metabolically healthy?. Metabolism. 2001;50:1499–1504
  9. Brochu M, Tchernof A, Dionne IJ, Sites CK, Eltabbakh GH, Sims EA, et al. What are the physical characteristics associated with a normal metabolic profile despite a high level of obesity in postmenopausal women?. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:1020–1025
  10. Karelis DA, Faraj M, Bastard JP, St-Pierre DH, Brochu M, Prud’homme D, et al. The metabolically healthy but obese individual presents a favorable inflammation profile. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:4145–4150
  11. Iacobellis G, Ribaudo MC, Zappaterreno A, Iannuci CV, Leonetti F. Prevalence of uncomplicated obesity in an Italian obese population. Obes Res. 2005;13:1116–1122
  12. Wildman RP, Muntner P, Reynolds K, McGinn AP, Rajpathak S, Wylie-Rosett J, et al. The obese without cardiometabolic risk factor clustering and the normal weight with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering. Prevalence and correlates of 2 phenotypes among the US population (NHANES 1999–2004). Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1617–1624
  13. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentration in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28:412–419
  14. Haffner SM, Miettinen H, Stern MP. The homeostasis model in the San Antonio Heart Study. Diabetes care. 1997;20:1087–1092
  15. Lee JM, Okumura MJ, Davis MM, Herman WH, Gurney JG. Prevalence and determinants of insulin resistance among U.S. adolescents. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:2427–2432
  16. Li C, Ford ES, McGuire LC, Mokdad AH, Little RR, Reaven GM. Trends in hyperinsulinemia among nondiabetic adults in the U.S.. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:2396–2402
  17. Conwell LS, Trost SG, Brown WJ, Batch JA. Indexes of insulin resistance and secretion in obese children and adolescents: a validation study. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:314–317
  18. Merino-Inarra E, Cenarro A, Martin P, Garcia-Otin AL, Goicoechea J, Guallar A, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of metabolic syndrome criteria for insulin resistance diagnosis in Spanish population. Med Clin (Barc). 2007;128:168–171
  19. Palacios R, Merchante N, Macias J, Gonzalez M, Castillo J, Ruiz J, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for insulin resistance in treatment-naïve HIV-infected patients 48 weeks after starting highly active antiretroviral therapy. Antivir Ther. 2006;11:529–535
  20. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900000 adults; collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet. 2009;373:1083–1096
  21. Zheng W, McLerran DF, Rolland B, Zhang X, Inoue M, Matsuo K, et al. Association between body-mass index and risk of death in more than 1 million Asians. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:719–729
  22. Davidson MH. Focusing on high-density lipoprotein for coronary heart disease risk reduction. Cardiol Clin. 2011;29:105–122
  23. Muntner P, Lee F, Astor BC. Association of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with coronary heart disease risk across categories of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J Med Sci. 2010;October 29 [Epub ahead of print]
  24. Salminen M, Kuoppamaki M, Vahlber T, Raiha I, Irjala K, Kivela SL. Metabolic syndrome and vascular risk: a 9-year follow-up among the aged in Finland. Acta Diabetol. 2011;January 15 [Epub ahead of print]
  25. Van Deventer HE, Miller WG, Myers GL, Sakurabayashi I, Bachmann LM, Caudill SP, et al. Non-HDL choletsrol assays show improved accuracy for cardiovascular risk score classification compared to direct or calculated LDL cholesterol in a dyslipidemic population. Clin Chem. 2011;January 12 [Epub ahead of print]
  26. Sniderman A, McQueen M, Contois J, Williams K, Furberg CD. Why is non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol a better marker of the risk of vascular disease than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol?. J Clin Lipidol. 2010;4:152–155
  27. HolewijnS , den Heijer M, Swinkels DW, Stalenhoef AF, de Graaf J, Apolipoprotein B. non-HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol for identifying individuals at increased cardiovascular risk. J Intern Med. 2010;268:567–577
  28. Soderholm PP, Alfthan G, Koskela AH, Adlercreutz H, Tikkanen MJ. The effect of high-fiber rye bread enriched with nonesterified plant sterols on major serum lipids and apolipoproteins in normocholesterolemic individuals. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;January 5 [Epub ahead of print]
  29. Schnell-Inderst P, Schwarzer R, Gohler A, Grandi N, Grabein K, Stollenwerk B, et al. Prognostic value, clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of high-density C-reactive protein as a marker for major cardiac ebents in asymptomatic individuals: a health technology assessment report. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2010;26:30–39
  30. Sumner AE, Zhou J, Doumatey A, Imoisill OE, Acheampong J, Oli J, et al. Low HDL-cholesterol with normal triglyceride levels is the most common lipid pattern in West ASfricans and African Americans with metabolic syndrome: Implications for cardiovascular disease prevention. CVD Prev Control. 2010;5:75–80
  31. Grimaldi PA. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors as sensors of fatty acids and derivatives. Cell Moll Life Sci. 2007;64:2459–2464Heikkinen S, Auwerx J, Argmann CA. PPARgamma in human and mouse physiology. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007;1771:999–1013
  32. Kannisto K, Chibalin A, Glinghammar B, Zierath JR, Hamsten A, Ehrenborg E, et al. Differential expression of peroxisomal proliferators activated receptors alpha and delta in skeletal muscle in response to changes in diet and exercise. Int J Mol med. 2006;17:45–52
  33. Manu P, Tsang J, Napolitano BA, Lesser ML, Correl CU. Predictors of insulin resistance in the obese with metabolic syndrome. Eur J Intern Med. 2010;21:409–413
  34. Ausk KJ, Boyko EJ, Ioannou GN. Insulin resistance predicts mortality in nondiabetic individuals in the U.S.. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:1179–1185
  35. Barr EL, Cameron AJ, Balkau B, Zimmet PZ, Welborn TA, Tonkin AM, et al. HOMA insulin sensitivity index and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease events in the general population: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab) study. Diabetologia. 2010;53:79–88
  36. Blaha MJ, Defilippis AP, Rivera JJ, Budoff MJ, Blankstein R, Agatston A, et al. The relationship between insulin resistance and incidence and progression of coronary artery calcification: The Multi-Etyhnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Diabetes Care. 2011;February 3 [Epub ahead of print]
  37. Robins SJ, Lyass A, Zachariah JP, Massaro JM, Vasan RS. Insulin resistance and the relationship of a dyslipidemia to coronary heart disease: the Framingham Heart Study. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;February 10 [Epub ahead of print]
  38. Rutter MK, Wilson PW, Sullivan LM, Fox CS, D’Agostino RB, Meigs JB. Use of alternative thresholds defining insulin resistance to predict incident type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2008;117:1003–1009
  39. Rathmann W, Kowall B, Heier M, Herder C, Holle R, Straassburger K, et al. Prediction models for incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in the older population: KORA S4/F4 cohort study. Diabetes Med. 2010;27:1116–1123
  40. Singh R, Martin BR, Hickey Y, Teegarden D, Campbell WW, Craig BA, et al. Comparison of self-reported, measured, metabolizable energy intake with total energy expenditure in overweight teens. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1744–1750
  41. Pietilainen KH, Korkella M, Bogl LH, Westerterp KR, Yki-Jarvinen H, Kaprio J, et al. Inaccuracies in food and physical activity diaries of obese subjects: complementary evidence from doubly labeled water and co-twin assessments. Int J Obes. 2010;34:437–445
  42. Garriguet D. Under-reporting of energy intake in the Canadian Community Health Survey. Health Rep. 2008;19:37–45
  43. Bothwell EK, Ayala GX, Conway TL, Rock CL, Gallo LC, Elder JC. Underreporting of food intake among Mexican/Mexican-American women: rates and correlates. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109:624–632
  44. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2010. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(Suppl. 1):S11–S61

PII: S1871-403X(11)00023-8

doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2011.04.003

Obesity Research & Clinical Practice
Volume 6, Issue 1 , Pages e9-e20 , January 2012