Obesity Research & Clinical Practice
Volume 4, Issue 4 , Pages e247-e252 , October 2010

Direct effect of khat and garlic extracts on blood lipids contents: Preliminary in vitro study

Received 7 April 2010 ,Revised 30 June 2010 ,Accepted 30 July 2010.

References 

  1. Feyissa AM, Kelly JP. A review of the neuropharmacological properties of khat. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2008;32:1147–1166
  2. Dimba EAO, Gjertsen BT, Bredholt T, Fossan KO, Costea DE, Francis GW. Khat (Catha edulis)-induced apoptosis is inhibited by antagonists of caspase-1 and -8 in human leukaemia cells. British Journal of Cancer. 2004;91:1726–1734
  3. Geisshüsler S, Brenneisen R. The content of psychoactive phenylpropyl and phenylpentenyl khatamines in Catha edulis Forsk. of different origin. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1987;19:269–277
  4. Kalix P. Pharmacological properties of the stimulant khat. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1990;48:397–416
  5. Widler P, Mathys K, Brenneisen R, Kalix P, Fisch HU . Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of khat a controlled study. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1994;55:556–562
  6. Schorno X, Steinegger E. CNS active phenylpropanolamines of catha edulis of Kenyan origin. Experientia. 1979;35:572–574
  7. Sporkert F, Pragst F, Bachus R, Masuhr F, Harms L. Determination of cathinone, cathine and norephedrine in hair of Yemenite khat chewers. Forensic Science International. 2003;133:39–46
  8. Al-Dubai W, Al-Habori M, Al-Geiry A. Human khat (Catha edulis) chewers have elevated plasma leptin and nonesterified fatty acids. Nutrition Research. 2006;26:632–636
  9. Al-Habori M, Al-Mamary M. Long-term feeding effects of Catha edulis leaves on blood constituents in animals. Phytomedicine. 2004;11:639–644
  10. Ahmed MB, El-Quirbi AB . Biochemical effects of Catha edulis, cathine and cathinone on adrenocortical functions. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1993;39:213–216
  11. Tariq M, Islam MW, Al-Meshal IA, El-Feraly FS, Ageel AM. Comparative study of cathinone and amphetamine on brown adipose thermogenesis. Life Sciences. 1989;44:951–955
  12. Jansen H, Muller B, Knobloch K. Characterization of an Alliin lyase preparation from garlic (Allium sativum). Planta Medica. 1989;55:434–439
  13. Yu TH, Wu CM, Liou YC. Volatile compounds from garlic. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1989;37:725–730
  14. Bordia A, Arora SK, Kothari LK. The protective action of essential oils of onion and garlic in cholesterol fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis. 1975;22:103–109
  15. Bordia A, Verma SK. Effect of garlic feeding on regression of experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. Artery. 1980;7:428–437
  16. Chang MLW, Johnson MA. Effect of garlic on carbohydrate metabolism and lipid synthesis in rats. Journal of Nutrition. 1980;110:931–936
  17. Chi MS . Effects of garlic products on lipid metabolism in cholesterol-fed rats. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1982;171:174–178
  18. Itokawa Y, Inoue K, Sasagawa S, Fujiwara M. Effect of S-methylcysteine sulfoxide, S-allylcysteine sulfoxide and related sulfur-containing amino acids on lipid metabolism of experimental hypercholesterolemic rats. Journal of Nutrition. 1973;103:88–92
  19. Mathew BC, Daniel RS, Augusti KT . Hypolipidemic effect of garlic protein substituted for casein in diet of rats compared to those of garlic oil. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 1996;34:337–340
  20. Yeh YY, Yeh SM. Garlic reduces plasma lipids by inhibiting hepatic cholesterol and triacylglycerol synthesis. Lipids. 1994;29:189–193
  21. Arora RC, Arora S. Comparative effect of clofibrate, garlic and onion on alimentary hyperlipemia. Atherosclerosis. 1981;39:447–452
  22. Bordia A. Effect of garlic on blood lipids in patients with coronary heart disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1981;34:2100–2103
  23. Jain AK, Vargas R, Gotzkowsky S, McMahon FG. Can garlic reduce levels of serum lipids? A controlled clinical study. American Journal of Medicine. 1993;94:632–635
  24. Lau BHS, Lam F, Wang-Cheng R. Effect of an odor-modified garlic preparation on blood lipids. Nutrition Research. 1987;7:139–149
  25. Silagy C, Neil A. Garlic as a lipid lowering agent – a meta-analysis. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 1994;28:39–45
  26. Steiner M, Khan AH, Holbert D, Lin RIS. A double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipids. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996;64:866–870
  27. Berthold HK, Sudhop T, Von Bergmann K. Effect of a garlic oil preparation on serum lipoproteins and cholesterol metabolism: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998;279:1900–1902
  28. Isaacsohn JL, Moser M, Stein EA, et al. Garlic powder and plasma lipids and lipoproteins: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1998;158:1189–1194
  29. Simons LA, Balasubramaniam S, Von Koningsmark M, Parfitt A, Simons J, Peters W. On the effect of garlic on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in mild hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis. 1995;113:219–225
  30. Yeh YY, Liu L. Cholesterol-lowering effect of garlic extracts and organosulfur compounds: human and animal studies. Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131:989S–993S
  31. Aziz HA, Peh KK, Tan YTF. Extraction and microencapsulation of Khat: effects on sexual motivation and estradiol level in female rats. Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2009;6:682–695
  32. El Astal Z. The inhibitory action of aqueous garlic extract on the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria. European Food Research and Technology. 2004;218:460–464
  33. Sharifi AM, Darabi R, Akbarloo N. Investigation of antihypertensive mechanism of garlic in 2K1C hypertensive rat. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003;86:219–224
  34. Al-Qattan KK, Alnaqeeb MA, Ali M. The antihypertensive effect of garlic (Allium sativum) in the rat two-kidney-one-clip Goldblatt model. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999;66:217–222
  35. Lee LN. Volume of blood in a human. In: John Roderick Cameron ,  James G, Skofronick ,  Grant RM editor. Physics of the body. New York, USA: Medical Physics Pub; 1999;
  36. Barson JR, Karatayev O, Chang G-Q, et al. Positive relationship between dietary fat, ethanol intake, triglycerides, and hypothalamic peptides: counteraction by lipid-lowering drugs. Alcohol. 2009;43:433–441
  37. Hidiroglou N, Madere R. Effect of chronic ethanol dosing on hepatic triglyceride and phospholipid profile and fatty acids in the guinea pig. Alcohol. 1999;19:229–233
  38. Kalix P. A comparison of the catecholamine releasing effect of the khat alkaloids (−)-cathinone and (+)-norpseudoephedrine. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1983;11:395–401
  39. Zelger JL, Carlini EA. Anorexigenic effects of two amines obtained from Catha edulis Forsk (Khat) in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 1980;12:701–705
  40. Halbach H. Medical aspects of the chewing of khat leaves. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1972;47:21–29
  41. Kalix P, Braenden O. Pharmacological aspects of the chewing of khat leaves. Pharmacological Reviews. 1985;37:149–164
  42. Foltin RW, Schuster CR. Interaction between the effects of intragastric meals and drugs on feeding in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1983;226:405–410
  43. Yanagita T. Studies on cathinones: cardiovascular and behavioral effects in rats and self-administration experiment in rhesus monkeys. NIDA Research Monograph. 1979;27:326–327
  44. Eisenberg MS, Maher TJ, Silverman HI. A comparison of the effects of phenylpropanolamine, d-amphetamine and d-norpseudoephedrine on open-field locomotion and food intake in the rat. Appetite. 1987;9:31–37
  45. Foltin RW, Woolverton WL, Schuster CR. Effects of psychomotor stimulants, alone and in pairs, on milk drinking in the rat after intraperitoneal and intragastric administration. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1983;226:411–418
  46. Islam MW, Tariq M, Ageel AM, El-Feraly FS, Al-Meshal IA, Ashraf I. An evaluation of the male reproductive toxicity of cathinone. Toxicology. 1990;60:223–234
  47. Knoll J. Studies on the central effects of (−)cathinone. NIDA Research Monograph. 1979;27:322–323
  48. Jansson T, Kristiansson B, Qirbi A. Effect of khat on uteroplacental blood flow in awake, chronically catheterized, late-pregnant guinea pigs. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1988;23:19–26
  49. Mwenda JM, Owuor RA, Kyama CM, Wango EO, M’Arimi M, Langat DK. Khat (Catha edulis) up-regulates testosterone and decreases prolactin and cortisol levels in the baboon. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006;103:379–384
  50. Nencini P. Cathinone, active principle of the Khat leaf: its effects on in vivo and in vitro lipolysis. Pharmacological Research Communications. 1980;12:855–861
  51. Bordia A, Verma SK, Vyas AK. Effect of essential oil of onion and garlic on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. Atherosclerosis. 1977;26:379–386
  52. Bordia AK, Joshi HK, Sanadhya YK, Bhu N. Effect of essential oil of garlic on serum fibrinolytic activity in patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 1977;28:155–159
  53. Chutani SK, Bordia A. The effect of fried versus raw garlic on fibrinolytic activity in man. Atherosclerosis. 1981;38:417–421
  54. Bordia A. Effect of garlic on human platelet aggregation in vitro. Atherosclerosis. 1978;30:355–360
  55. Makheja AN, Vanderhoek JY, Bailey JM. Inhibition of platelet aggregation and thromboxane synthesis by onion and garlic. Lancet. 1979;1:781
  56. Samson RR. Effects of dietary garlic and temporal drift on platelet aggregation. Atherosclerosis. 1982;44:119–120
  57. Arora RC, Arora S, Gupta RK. The long-term use of garlic in ischemic heart disease. An appraisal. Atherosclerosis. 1981;40:175–179
  58. Ernst E. Cardiovascular effects of garlic (Allium sativum): a review. Pharmatherapeutica. 1987;5:9–83
  59. Silagy CA, Neil HAW. A meta-analysis of the effect of garlic on blood pressure. Journal of Hypertension. 1994;12:463–468
  60. Foushee DB, Ruffin J, Banerjee U. Garlic as a natural agent for the treatment of hypertension: a preliminary report. Cytobios. 1982;34:145–152
  61. Pedraza-Chaverri J, Tapia E, Medina-Campos ON, De Los Angeles Granados M, Franco M. Garlic prevents hypertension induced by chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. Life Sciences. 1998;62:PL71–PL77
  62. Rendu F, Daveloose D, Debouzy JC, et al. Ajoene, the antiplatelet compound derived from garlic, specifically inhibits platelet release reaction by affecting the plasma membrane internal microviscosity. Biochemical Pharmacology. 1989;38:1321–1328

PII: S1871-403X(10)00017-7

doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2010.07.001

Obesity Research & Clinical Practice
Volume 4, Issue 4 , Pages e247-e252 , October 2010